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In the past week, we have captured a substantial number of apple maggot flies in unsprayed plots, indicating that emergence of this season’s AMF crop is well under way. However, these sites are prone to harbor within-orchard populations of AMF, and captures in these plots merely give an indication of the timing of fly emergence, not invasion into commercial orchards. From studies over the past decade or more, it is clear that nearly all of the threat of AMF infestation in commercial orchards arises from immigrating flies—those that emerge from the soil beneath unmanaged trees nearby orchards and move into commercial blocks. Thus far, AMF have been nearly undetectable in treated blocks, with cumulative trap captures well below 1 fly per unbaited monitoring trap.
Because the bulk of AMF emerge and feed in areas outside of commercial orchards, most flies are mature upon arrival and fruit damage from AMF egglaying can begin as soon as flies enter orchards. For early warning of AMF activity, it is important to have monitoring traps in place before flies begin to invade—if traps are not already in place, this week (7/3-7/7) is the time to deploy. To maintain effective early-season AMF control, we recommend treatment with a half-rate of Guthion or Imidan as soon as cumulative captures on unbaited monitoring spheres exceed 2 AMF per trap.
For the past several years, we have been refining deployment tactics of spheres traps in order to maximize the efficiency of traps for direct control of apple maggot. This season, we are assessing the ability of odor baits (deployed with traps) to outcompete natural attractive odors and draw flies onto traps. For this study, we are testing deployment strategies in cultivars of differing levels of natural attractiveness, and it is critical that we establish test sites in the most attractive cultivar known, Red Astrachan.
In this experiment, trees do not need to remain unsprayed—we will place traps and regularly monitor captures, but trees can be treated along with the rest of the orchard. Massachusetts growers who have any Red Astrachan trees (either singly or in groups) and are willing to participate are asked to call our lab at (800) 413-0778 or (413) 545-1258, or e-mail a message to Starker Wright [starker@ent.umass.edu].
Typically, we stop reporting substantial buildup of plum curculio injury in mid-June. Unfortunately, this season’s PC herd has demonstrated remarkable staying power, though recent injury is limited to blocks where unchecked invasion occurred in early June and no insecticide applications have been made since. With only a few exceptions, commercial orchards are at little risk of further buildup of PC egglaying injury. Even so, we have noted PC egglaying in experimental plots this week, hopefully the last activity of the season.
In light of the recent fireblight outbreak in the Hudson Valley of New York, and the fact that there have been touches of fireblight reported on susceptible varieties in Massachusetts this season, here is an article by Dave Rosenberger of Cornell University's Hudson Valley Lab about how to deal with shoot-blight as it may currently appear in your orchard. We found the article extremely interesting, and represents the best knowledge available on how to deal with mid-season shoot-blight.
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Reprinted from Scaffolds Fruit Journal, Cornell University, NYSAES at Geneva, June 26, 2000, http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/scafolds/2000/6.26_disease.html.
What is the best way to deal with fire blight in young orchards where blight was not completely controlled during bloom? No single answer can be applied to all situations, and there is considerable room for debate on many details relating to blight management during summer. Dr. Paul Steiner at the University of Maryland has posted some excellent articles about fire blight on the World Wide Web at: http://www.caf.wvu.edu/kearneysville/wvufarm10.html. However, none of the articles answers all of the questions that arise after blight appears in an orchard. Answers for many questions are lacking because the appropriate research has not been done or because research results have been inconsistent.
Growers dealing with fire blight must make daily management decisions even when scientists do not have enough data to provide research-based recommendations. Therefore, I have provided below my "best guesses" for some of the questions raised by growers. Much of this information may come too late to be useful for this season, but it may help to stimulate discussion and awareness concerning the best approaches for managing shoot blight in the future.
1. Q: Should I try to prune out fire blight when it appears in young trees?
A: Absolutely, unless blight is so severe that the orchard is beyond hope. Strikes should be pruned out as soon as possible after they appear. Failure to do so increases the likelihood that blight will continue to spread both to adjacent trees and into the rootstocks of affected trees. Pruning out infections in mature trees may not be practical, but mature trees with a full crop will set terminal shoot buds earlier than young trees. When trees set terminal buds, blight stops spreading both between trees and within the affected trees.
In order to remove strikes before cankers extend too far into the tree, trees must be examined at least two or three times weekly until the epidemic begins to slow. In sections where trees are severely affected, it may be more cost-effective to immediately remove entire trees, especially if trees are a susceptible cultivar like Gala. Pulling out badly affected trees will allow blight removal crews to focus their efforts on trees that can be salvaged.
Blight removal crews should be trained to recognize the early symptoms of blight on terminal shoots. On terminals just beginning to show symptoms, the first or second fully expanded leaf will droop and closer examination will show blackening along the midvein at the base of the leaf blade. The entire shoot tip may appear to be slightly yellowed. Remove such shoots by cutting back into two-year-old wood at least 8-12 inches below the last visible symptoms. If a spur or shoot on the central leader shows signs of blight, immediately remove the central leader down to 8-12 inches below the last visible symptom. Immediate and aggressive removals reduce the need for repeated pruning in the same tree and may result in fewer trees lost to root stock blight.
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2. Q: Is it necessary to disinfect pruning tools between cuts?
A: Dr. Paul Steiner has shown that disinfecting pruning tools is a waste of time because minute cankers often form on the ends of cuts even when pruners are disinfected. Instead of wasting time disinfecting pruning tools, Paul recommends making all cuts into at least 2-year-old wood where bacteria will be less able to multiply. Also, leave "ugly stubs" by cutting branches between nodes and at least several inches away from the central leader. Small cankers that form on these stubs can then be removed during winter pruning whereas a canker that forms at a flush cut on the central leader will be missed during winter pruning. An extension specialist in California reported that he failed to transmit fire blight with pruning tools when he purposely made cuts through active cankers in dry weather. However, he succeeded in transmitting blight on pruning tools when pruning was done in wet weather. Blight removal operations should usually be suspended in wet weather, but that is not always possible. (See question #4 below). As a precaution, perhaps pruning tools should still be disinfected if blight removal must be done in wet weather.
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3. Q: Should prunings be removed from the orchard?
A: I haven't found any recent recommendations addressing this question (although I admit my search was not exhaustive). My personal recommendation is to place prunings in the row middles and allow them to thoroughly dry before running a mower over them. "Thoroughly dry" means that the bark no longer slips on the branches that have been removed, and the out bark and cambium have turned brown. With today's tightly spaced orchards, I am concerned that carrying prunings out of the orchard may spread more blight than occurs when prunings are left to dry in the row middles.
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4. Q: What about pruning out blight in damp or rainy weather?
A: In the ideal world, blight removal would only be done in dry weather. However, when a week of rain is predicted just as the first symptoms of blight appear, one must weigh the risks of spreading blight by pruning in wet weather versus the risks of giving the epidemic a full week, or even a two- or three-day head start. With highly susceptible cultivars like Gala, I would opt to remove blight as quickly as possible, even if that meant that some removal would be done in less than ideal weather.
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5. Q: Can I do hand thinning or bud pinching while blight is active in the orchard?
A: Avoid these activities until after terminal bud set. Delaying hand thinning may result in some loss of fruit size, but risks of spreading blight outweigh the benefits of early hand-thinning. One local grower demonstrated that pinching buds as part of tree training for the vertical axe system is a great way to spread blight. Even though we no longer recommend disinfecting pruning tools between cuts, one can still spread blight on one's fingers while pinching buds (and presumably while hand-thinning). Pinching is done to succulent shoot tips that are highly susceptible to blight, whereas cuts made to remove blight are made in wood that is at least two years old.
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6. Q: What can be done to stop the spread of blight to new terminal shoots?
A: No good answers here. Anything that helps to shut down tree growth will help to limit the spread of blight since the epidemic stops when terminal buds are set. Lucky growers never get blight, but if they do, they only get it in drought years when trees stop growing in mid-June. (This is not a lucky year!) Obviously, blocks with blight should not be trickle-irrigated until well after terminal bud set. Allowing weed regrowth beneath trees may increase competition for water and nutrients, thereby helping to slow tree growth. The new plant growth regulator called "Apogee" may prove useful for arresting blight epidemics. This product has a Federal label, but it is not yet registered in New York State. Apogee causes trees to set terminal buds beginning about two weeks after it is applied. To control vegetative growth in overly vigorous blocks, Apogee application will be recommended at late bloom or at petal fall. In young orchards, however, early cessation of terminal growth is undesirable except when blight is present. If Apogee is applied after the first symptoms of blight appear in an orchard, two applications will probably be needed to rein in the growth process and blight will continue to spread for at least two weeks after the first Apogee application. In highly susceptible cultivars, blight may reach the rootstocks in many trees before Apogee can shut down terminal growth and make the tree more resistant to blight. In dry years, untreated trees may stop growing on their own about the same time that Apogee takes effect. The earlier cessation of shoot growth triggered by Apogee will help control blight in wet years, but the combined cost for the two Apogee treatments may exceed $150 per acre. Cost-effectiveness of Apogee for fire blight remains to be determined.
Until the mid 1980's, fire blight experts recommended reducing action thresholds for aphids and leafhoppers in orchards with blight because of concerns that these insects might spread blight during summer. Research in the Mid-Atlantic States has shown that aphids and white apple leafhoppers cannot vector blight. The role of potato leafhoppers (PLH) is less clear. A spray of Provado or carbaryl to control PLH may be helpful. However, complete control of PLH is impossible in a season when thunderstorms regularly drop new immigrant PLH adults into orchards. Streptomycin sprays should NOT be applied during summer because summer applications will result in rapid development of streptomycin-resistant strains of the blight pathogen. The only exception is that streptomycin should be applied immediately after any hailstorm if there is active blight in the orchard (i.e., orchards where blight was present this year and terminal shoots are still growing).
Copper sprays applied in summer theoretically should inactivate blight bacteria on plant surfaces and thereby help to reduce inoculum and slow the epidemic. However, attempts to document the benefits of summer copper sprays have provided inconsistent results. Proponents of using copper during summer admit that benefits of copper will be limited because copper is not systemic and therefore will not affect bacteria inside plant tissue. Furthermore, actively growing terminal shoots "outgrow" the copper residue, thereby leaving the blight-susceptible shoot tips unprotected within several days after an application. Copper applied in summer is also phytotoxic to fruit, with injury appearing as necrotic black spots at fruit lenticels. Thus, copper sprays are not acceptable where the crop is destined for fresh market. In young orchards, salvaging the crop may be less important than salvaging the trees. This is especially true this year when many orchards in the Hudson Valley already have severe hail damage. The bottom line: If I was managing a young Gala block with fire blight, I would be applying a low rate (about 4 oz/100 gallons dilute spray) of a fixed copper on a 7-10 day schedule until terminal buds are set. Copper sprays should be applied under good drying conditions. The alkaline nature of copper sprays means that they probably cannot be combined with other pesticides that are subject to alkaline hydrolysis.
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7. Q: What determines how many trees will develop rootstock blight?
A: No one knows. Rootstock blight develops when bacteria move from strikes in the top of the trees down through the trunk and cause cankers in the rootstock. Because M.9 and M.26 rootstocks are highly susceptible to blight, rootstocks that become infected usually die. In the Hudson Valley, Gala orchards that showed the first symptoms of fire blight in early June now have many trees with bacterial ooze coming out of the rootstocks. Some of the trees with rootstock blight still have a reasonably intact canopy, but they will not survive. Some will die within several weeks, some will die later this fall, and some will survive until next spring when they will wilt and die soon after bud break. Incidence of root stock blight can range from less than 5% of trees to more than 80% in a severely blight block. Rootstock blight is most common in orchards less than 6 years old, but other factors that make trees susceptible to rootstock blight have not been determined.
Healthy Fruit is written by Dan Cooley, Ron Prokopy, Jon Clements, Starker Wright, Arthur Tuttle, Wes Autio, Bill Coli, and Duane Greene except where other contributors are noted. Publication is funded in part by the UMass Extension Agroecology Program, grower subscriptions, and the University of Massachusetts IPM Program. A text version can be e-mailed to you if you contact Doreen York. Please cite this source if reprinting information.
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